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:''This article is about the Jerusalem orphanage that became known as Camp Schneller; for other uses, see Schneller'' Schneller Orphanage, also called the Syrian Orphanage, was a German Protestant orphanage that operated in Jerusalem from 1860 to 1940. It was one of the first structures to be built outside the Old City of Jerusalem (the others are Mishkenot Sha’ananim and the Russian Compound)〔Kark and Nordheim (2001), p. 126.〕 and paved the way for the expansion of Jerusalem in the 19th century.〔 As a philanthropic institution offering academic and vocational training to hundreds of orphaned and abandoned Arab children, it also exerted a strong influence on the Arab population of Jerusalem and the Middle East through its graduates, who spread its philosophies of "orderliness, discipline, and German language" throughout the region.〔Ben-Arieh (1979), p. 451.〕 The orphanage provided both academic and vocational training to orphaned boys and girls from Palestine, Syria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Armenia, Turkey, Russia, Iran, and Germany, graduating students skilled in such trades as tailoring, shoemaking, engraving, carpentry, metalworking, pottery, painting, printing, farming, and gardening. In 1903 a school for the blind was opened on the premises, including dormitories, classrooms and vocational workshops. The orphanage also operated its own printing press and bindery; flour mill and bakery; laundry and clothing-repair service; carpentry; pottery factory; tree and plant nursery; and brick and tile factory. Located on high ground and surrounded by a high stone wall, the orphanage's distinctive onion-dome tower, multistory buildings, and decorative facades exuded the power and influence of European Christians in Jerusalem in the mid-19th century.〔 Continuous building and land acquisitions increased the size of the orphanage grounds to nearly 150 acres (600 dunam) by World War I.〔Chinkis, Binyamin. "A Peek Behind the Gates of the Schneller Compound". ''Hamodia'' Israel News, 2 July 2009, pp. A22–A23.〕〔 At the beginning of World War II, the British mandatory government deported the German teachers and turned the compound into a closed military camp with the largest ammunition stockpile in the Middle East.〔 On March 17, 1948, the British abandoned the camp and the Etzioni Brigade of the Haganah used it as a base of operations during the 1948 Israeli War of Independence. For the next 60 years the site served as an Israeli army base known as Camp Schneller. The army vacated the premises in 2008. As of 2011, the compound is being developed for luxury housing. ==History== In the mid-19th century, English and German Protestant missions were operating in the Old City of Jerusalem. In 1854 Johann Ludwig Schneller (1820–1896), a German Lutheran missionary, came to Jerusalem from Württemberg together with his wife Magdalene Böhringer and six other members of the Brudergemeinde of Saint Chrischona, Basel, Switzerland, in order to manage the German Protestant mission.〔Kark, et al. (2008), p. 162.〕 On 11 October 1855 Schneller bought from the people of Lifta, a parcel of land outside Lifta, approximately northwest of Jaffa Gate, with the intention of living among and missionizing to the local Arab population, and drew up plans for the construction of a home for his family.〔Ben-Arieh (1979), p. 102.〕 The house was constructed from 1855–56.〔 After Schneller and his family took occupancy, the house was attacked several times by Arab robbers from the village of Beit Sorek, forcing them to retreat to the safety of the Old City.〔〔 At the end of the decade, after the Turks had erected outposts and dispatched armed guards on horseback to patrol Jaffa Road (the route between Jerusalem and the port city of Jaffa, which lay near the Schneller compound), Schneller and his family were able to return to their home.〔 In 1860 Lebanese Druze massacred thousands of Maronite Christians in Lebanon and Syria. Schneller traveled to Beirut with the intention of rescuing battle-orphaned children. He was rebuffed by the local community, which did not trust foreign Protestant missionaries, but managed to bring back nine orphaned boys to Jerusalem in October 1860.〔 He decided to open an orphanage for them in his home, and by the end of 1861 had enrolled 41 boys〔〔Ben-Arieh (1979), p. 447.〕 in what became known as the Syrian Orphanage ((ドイツ語:Syrisches Waisenhaus)). Over the next four years Schneller expanded his property to 13.6 acres (55 dunam) and erected a -high stone wall around it.〔Ben-Arieh (1979), p. 104.〕 Through 1867 Schneller expanded and added new infrastructure, creating a kitchen, dining room, storage cellar, bedrooms and living areas.〔 In 1867 the orphanage began accepting girls.〔 Funds for construction and expansion, together with clothing and blankets, were solicited from Protestant communities in Germany and Switzerland. Between 1861 and 1885 Schneller collected a total of 550,000 francs in donations.〔 Schneller was determined to give orphaned and abandoned Arab children a complete education, including teaching them a trade. To that end, he employed both academic and vocational teachers, primarily from Germany. The latter led professional workshops in tailoring, shoemaking, engraving, carpentry, metalworking, pottery, painting, printing, farming, and gardening.〔 Children stayed at the orphanage for up to 10 years, graduating at the age of 18. They came from all parts of Palestine as well as Syria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Armenia, Turkey, Russia, Iran, and Germany.〔 They were also of differing religious denominations, including Protestant, Greek Orthodox, Catholic, Coptic, and Maronite.〔 Notwithstanding the ethnic diversity of the student body, the language of instruction was German and Arabic.〔 Most of the teachers employed during the orphanage’s first 50 years were German, with some Armenians and Arabs.〔Ben-Arieh (1979), p. 448.〕 In 1876 the orphanage had an enrollment of 70 students aged 4 to 17.〔 By 1898 enrollment stood at 200 students. By the time of Schneller’s death on 18 October 1896, 1500 students had passed through the orphanage’s doors.〔 The actual number of graduates totaled 425 in 1885 and 1169 at the 50th anniversary of the orphanage in 1910.〔Ben-Arieh (1979), pp. 447–448.〕 In 1901 a German noble bequeathed his entire fortune of 700,000 marks toward the establishment of a school for the blind at the orphanage. It opened in 1903 with space for 40 to 50 children, plus workshops to teach the blind weaving and spinning.〔 Besides classes and vocational workshops, the orphanage operated its own printing press and bindery where it produced its own textbooks, Braille books, and German-language newspapers. It also operated a flour mill and bakery that produced 35,000 loaves of bread a year, a laundry and clothing-repair service, a carpentry, a pottery factory that produced all the clay utensils used in the orphanage, and a tree and plant nursery. At the beginning of the 20th century, a large brick and tile factory was erected on the premises, which produced one million bricks and 250,000 tiles annually.〔Ben-Arieh (1979), pp. 448–449.〕 In 1889 Schneller acquired 1,235 acres (5,000 dunam) in Bir Salem (today Kibbutz Netzer Sereni) in order to develop an agricultural school and land for settlement for his students and graduates. In 1906 another 890 acres (3,600 dunam) was added to the original parcel. Although the agricultural school did not materialize, the grain, fruits and vegetables produced by the farm supplemented the orphanage diet during the food shortages of World War I.〔Ben-Arieh (1979), pp. 450–451.〕 In 1889 Schneller gave over the operation of the orphanage to a consortium based in Stuttgart, while his eldest son, Theodor (1856–1935), became manager of the institution.〔Kark et al. (2008), p. 164.〕 In 1927 Theodor’s youngest son, Ernst, took over the management of the institution until its confiscation by the British in 1940.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Schneller Orphanage」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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